Unforeseen changes in the marriage system

 Unforeseen changes in the marriage system

వివాహ వ్యవస్థలో  అనూహ్య మార్పులు 

The institution of marriage, a cornerstone of human society for centuries, is undergoing profound changes. Across the globe, including in India, marriage rates are declining, divorce rates are rising, and alternative forms of partnerships are gaining acceptance. This article delves into the causes, pros and cons, and potential remedies for the evolving dynamics of the marriage system, supported by statistics and expert opinions.

Causes of the Decline in Marriage

1.   Changing Societal Norms:

o    Traditional expectations surrounding marriage are being challenged. Younger generations prioritize individual freedom, career growth, and personal fulfillment over societal expectations.

o    In India, the average age at marriage has risen significantly. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21), the median age at first marriage for women increased to 21.2 years, compared to 18.3 years in the 1990s.

2.   Economic Factors:

o    Economic instability, unemployment, and rising costs of living deter people from committing to marriage. A 2021 Pew Research Center report highlights how economic pressures are a major factor in the declining marriage rates in developed nations.

o    In India, dowry demands and extravagant wedding expenses further dissuade families from considering marriage as a priority.

3.   Rise of Individualism:

o    A shift from collectivist to individualistic values is evident worldwide. This transition is particularly prominent in urban areas where nuclear families and personal goals take precedence over traditional family obligations.

4.   Legal and Social Acceptance of Alternatives:

o    Live-in relationships, single parenthood, and same-sex unions are increasingly recognized. The Supreme Court of India, in multiple rulings, has upheld the legality of live-in relationships, reflecting changing societal attitudes.

o    Globally, countries like Sweden and Norway report some of the highest rates of cohabitation over traditional marriages, with nearly 50% of children born out of wedlock.

5.   Technology and Dating Apps:

o    Digital platforms have transformed how people meet and connect. While this has expanded opportunities for relationships, it has also led to a casual approach to commitment.

 

Pros of the Changing Marriage System

1.   Greater Autonomy:

o    Individuals now have more freedom to choose their partners or opt out of marriage entirely without societal pressure. This has empowered women, in particular, to focus on education and careers.

2.   Reduced Stigma Around Divorce:

o    The acceptance of divorce as a viable option has allowed people to exit toxic relationships. In India, divorce rates remain low (approximately 1%), but awareness and legal support for divorcees are increasing.

3.   Recognition of Diverse Relationships:

o    The evolving marriage system has paved the way for acceptance of LGBTQ+ relationships. India’s decriminalization of Section 377 in 2018 was a landmark step in this direction.

4.   Economic Independence:

o    With fewer financial dependencies in relationships, individuals can make decisions based on compatibility rather than necessity.

 

Cons of the Changing Marriage System

1.   Loneliness and Mental Health Issues:

o    The rise of singlehood and delayed marriages can lead to feelings of isolation. A 2022 study by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that unmarried individuals are more likely to report mental health challenges.

2.   Declining Fertility Rates:

o    Fewer marriages contribute to declining birth rates. India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) fell to 2.0 in 2021, below the replacement level of 2.1. Countries like Japan and Italy face severe demographic crises due to similar trends.

3.   Impact on Children:

o    Children from non-traditional family setups may face societal bias or lack stable environments, though studies show that supportive parenting matters more than marital status.

4.   Erosion of Cultural Values:

o    In India, marriage is deeply intertwined with religious and cultural practices. The decline in traditional marriages may lead to a loss of cultural heritage.

 

Remedies to Address the Challenges

1.   Promoting Awareness and Education:

o    Comprehensive education about relationships, financial planning, and conflict resolution can help individuals make informed decisions.

o    Premarital counseling and family workshops can bridge generational gaps and address misconceptions about marriage.

2.   Reducing Financial Burdens:

o    Simplifying marriage ceremonies and discouraging dowry practices can make marriage more accessible. The "Kanyashree Prakalpa" scheme in West Bengal, which provides financial aid for girls’ education and marriage, is a commendable initiative.

3.   Encouraging Work-Life Balance:

o    Policies promoting work-life balance, such as flexible working hours and parental leave, can help couples manage careers and family life effectively.

4.   Legal and Social Support:

o    Strengthening laws against domestic violence and ensuring swift justice in family disputes can restore faith in the institution of marriage.

o    Providing support systems for single parents and divorced individuals can mitigate societal stigma.

5.   Leveraging Technology Positively:

o    Dating apps and matrimonial websites can be used to promote serious commitments rather than casual connections. Platforms like Shaadi.com and Jeevansathi.com have introduced features to verify user intentions, ensuring greater trust.

 

Global and Indian Statistics

·         Marriage Rates:

o    The United States reported a marriage rate of 6.1 per 1,000 people in 2020, down from 8.2 in 2000 (CDC).

o    In India, urban marriage rates have declined, with many millennials choosing to delay or avoid marriage altogether.

·         Divorce Rates:

o    Globally, divorce rates have doubled over the past 50 years. In India, while the rate is low, urban areas report a significant rise in separations.

·         Cohabitation:

o    Nearly 60% of couples in Scandinavian countries cohabit before marriage, compared to less than 5% in India.

 

Conclusion

The marriage system is not necessarily withering away but is undergoing a transformation reflective of broader societal changes. While this evolution brings greater freedom and diversity, it also poses challenges that require collective attention. By fostering open dialogue, promoting education, and adapting cultural practices to modern realities, societies can ensure that the institution of marriage remains relevant and resilient in the 21st century.